Using Simulators to Get Started Fast

Introduction to Microcontrollers Update: 6 of 6

When using a microcontroller, do you think you have to debug using hardware such as a starter kit etc.? Here we will provide a better solution. You can simply begin development on a PC using e² studio, an integrated development environment by Renesas.

So far, we have come in touch with embedded programming as an introduction to microcontrollers. Microcontrollers are used for programmatic control of a wide range of fields such as consumer electronics, automotive, and industrial equipment. From controlling, which is the central core of devices, to functions such as touchscreen UI and LCD, there is definitely a microcontroller working behind the scenes.

Nowadays, smartphones and smart TVs are incorporated with SoC (system LSI) that drives a multi-core processor with a clock rate over 1GHz to run a powerful OS such as Linux. However, it does not mean that all processes can be performed by this type of powerful system (SoC e.g.) alone. While seeking software flexibility, there are also many purposes that seek real-time and low power consumption without the use of an OS. For example, when it comes to signal processing (separation of signal and noise) and decoding (control signal regeneration) from an infra-red remote control’s receiving parts, real-time control would be more reliable if the microcontroller can constantly monitors the remote control input instead of processing every few milliseconds by the high-performance SoC.

Same thing applies to IoT that has attracted attention recently. Most processes of IoT devices are reports and directives. Complex data processing is not performed by IoT equipment, but by data-receiving cloud servers. What’s important for IoT is lower power consumption and immediate reaction. In the actual process, it determines whether to report the situation or not based on analog input or digital input from a general purpose I/O port, and sends the data to a communication module. This kind of process is perfect for microcontrollers.

Renesas RL78 microcontroller family has an established reputation for ease of use. With a 16bit CPU as the core, RAM, flash memory, AD converter, timer, general purpose I/O ports and serial interface are compiled into a single chip. Furthermore, it has a built-in high speed and accurate on-chip oscillator, which does not require external oscillator, allowing operation with very few external components. In addition to the basic features, some products have different peripheral functions depending on the application, such as motor control and wireless equipment control responding to a wide range of demands.

This time we will develop a program which is excellent in its versatility for RL78/G13 on integrated development environment (IDE) “e² studio”. Integrated development environment implement the creation of programs, object links, debugging, and simulation etc. integrally. Before it was created, compilers, linkers, debuggers and simulators existed separately and developers had to manage interactions between each of them. In particular, version control for dividing processes into multiple parts and developing each of them was a cumbersome task. Even the person who wrote the program would sometimes lose track on determining which object was the latest or finding the changed location. In the integrated development environment, it will be easier to manage the source programs.

Debugging can also be done more efficiently by the debugger. It is not necessary to insert the function printf() into source code and constantly check the variable value. It is possible to interactively specify the points where you want to stop program execution on the source code and check the value passed to the function at the points specified. You will be able to understand the process of the program as if you get hands-on experience. This is a big advantage which cannot be imitated by Arduino which has less debugging functions.

Are you depressed when programs don’t work well due to lack of knowledge of RL78 families? No worries. Renesas provides a “code-generating plugin” that automatically generates C language program if the required conditions (parameters) are provided. The code-generating plugin creates initial configuration programs for assigning functions to microcontroller pins, as well as configuration programs that are necessary when using peripheral functions such as I/O and AD converter. Programmers can use functions such as I/O and peripheral functions by invoking a program generated by the code-generating plug-in. It is important to read the hardware manual before using a microcontroller, but you do not have to memorize all procedures. Leave the details to the code-generating plugin. This time, try to assign functions and specify wave output width with the code-generating plugin.

The program is not completed even when all source code is written up with no compiling errors. You have to confirm that the actual hardware being used is working correctly with the program generated. Especially the part that is related to microcontroller behavior, such as setting and reading registers of peripheral functions, is where you want to make sure that the operation is functioning perfectly by connecting the hardware. However, there is no guarantee that the hardware under development will always be available.

Here is where simulator demonstrate its power. It virtually reproduces the target microcontroller or the features of the board incorporating the microcontroller by the software. You can observe what kind of signal comes out from the microcontroller's I/O ports. In a board-level simulator's case, board-compatible input (switch or volume) and output (LED) will also be reproduced by the software. Since it is run by the software, the output will not be produced at the same speed as the target hardware. However, it is good enough for observing what is happening to understand the situation. Simulators are seamlessly linked in the e² studio.

Let’s try running a sample program for starter kit using the simulators in e² studio. There is no need to get the kit this time. The starter kit’s function will be actualized in the simulator. You only need one PC, and can run the sample program without using RL78 hardware at all.

Let’s try to experience development in e² studio with the following steps.

1. Download e² studio and install on your PC.
2. Download the sample program.
3. Import the sample program to e² studio.
4. Generate the code for square wave output, connect to the simulator and observe the output.
5. Modify the program and change to the LED flashing program.
6. Connect to board level simulator and check for expected behavior.

The operation procedure from 1 to 6 is explained with a video published on Renesas website. For operation details, watch the video in conjunction with explanation from 1 to 6 below. Here, we will explain how to use the simulators under the e² studio environment.

You can download the sample program from below URL. It is compressed in ZIP format.

Download: RL78/G13 Usage Example of the Code Generator (Sample Program) Rev.1.00 - Sample Code (ZIP | English, 日本語, 简体中文)

(Related links: e² studio Code Generator Integrated Development Environment User's Manual:RL78 API Reference (PDF | English, 日本語), RL78/G13 User's Manual: Hardware (PDF | English, 日本語))

Extract the file and you will find necessary data saved in the folder named “an_r20an0399jj0100_rl78_programming”. e² studio requires access to the folder where the sample program is saved. This folder also contains the data at the time of simulating RL78 built-in board. Let’s save and extract the ZIP file in an easy-to-find area and proceed to work. However, use a place where double-byte characters are not allowed for folder or path names.

(3) Import sample program

After download is completed, import the project to be executed this time to e² studio. Specify the folder where the project to be imported is located as shown in Figure 1.

When using the sample program, specify the folder “an_r20an0399ej0100_rl78_programmin”. (This is explained at 01:16 of Video 2 (Below, written in “minute: second” format)).

Figure 1: Specify the project to be imported.

(4) Generate square wave output code and observe output

Let’s develop the program by first using the code-generator plugin. Using the code-generator plugin, the necessary code is generated with only the parameters needing to be set. Change the width of the square wave to 100msec, which is initially configured to 100μsec in the original program and generate the code. (“Square Wave Output Setting” is shown from 02:52 of Video 2, this segment demonstrates the operation to change the pulse width.)

When the new code is generated, connect the simulator to the debugger, and observe the square wave output. The procedure of e² studio operation is shown from "03:13" of Video 2. Here, you will connect the simulator to the debugger and the timing chart will appear (Figure 2: at “04:45” of video).

Figure 2: Timing chart displayed on the simulator (Specify the clock type as "msec." and the magnification as "1/32")

Refer to Video 2 (from “05:42”) the appearance of modifying the sample program to make the LED flashing program. When programming and debugging, it is a good idea to periodically save the changes before the build or for each work step.

Check out the starter kit operation from “RL78/G13 Renesas Starter Kit (Video 4)”. The code generated this time will completely operate the same way as on the simulator or Starter Kit. This is the advantage of development through the simulator.

1. MCU Basic Structure/Operation
2. Peripheral Circuitry
3. Programming Language/Software Development Environment
4. Peripheral Circuitry Control
5. Interrupt Processing
6. Possible to start without starter kit! Development method using simulators